法语词汇前缀

法语词汇前缀

1. 表示“否定”的前缀 a-,an-, 不，非，无 apolitique［不问政治的］；anonyme［不具名的］ im-（il-，im-，ir-） 不，非，无 inaltérable［不变质的］；illisible［不清楚的］；immangeable［不能吃的］；irréel［不现实的］ www.54tyro.com我是新手 non- 不，非，无 nonchalant［漫不经心的］；non-métal［非金属］ 2. 带有“强化”意义的前缀 archi- 极端；过度 archifou［极疯狂的；极傻的］ 我是新手 extra- 超；极端；过度 extra-fin［极精细的；特优的］ 我是新手 hyper- 超；过度 hypersensible［过分敏感的］ super- 超越；过度；高级 supermarché［超级市场］ sur- 超过；过分 suralimentation［过度营养］ ultra 超；过度；极端 ultramoderne［极现代化的］ 我是新手 3. 表示“同情”、“敌视”或“对立”的前缀 anti- 反对，反抗 antidémocratique［反民主的］   antidote［解毒的］ contre- 反对；相反 contre-attaque［反击］ pro- 赞成，亲 procommuniste［赞成共产党的］prochinois［亲华的］ 4. 表示“时空关系”的前缀 www.54tyro.com我是新手 anté- 先，前；在…之前 antécombrien［前寒武纪的］antéposer［前置，放在前面］ après- post- 后；在…之后 après-demin［后天］ après-gurre［战后］ postface［后记，跋］ 我是新 avant- 我是新手 pré- 先，前，在…以前 avant-hier［前天］ préétabli［预定的］ co-con- 共，同，合，和，相互 co-auteur［合作者］ concitoyen［同乡］ entre- 之间 entreacte［幕间休息］ ex- 前 ex-ministre［前部长］ 我是新 extra- 外；在…之外 extra-terrestre［地球之外的］ inter- 在…之间 interscolaire［校际的］ intra- 内部，在内 intramusculaire［肌肉内的］ trans- 横贯，穿过 transnational［跨国的］ 5. 常见动词前缀 我是新手 a- 方向；目的，使 abaisser［放下］ attendrir［使变软］ anté- 先，前 antéposer［前置］ auto- 自行，自动；自身 automatiser［使自动化］ co- 共，同，合，相互 coexister［共存］ con- 我是新手 col- com- 我是新手 cor- 共，同，合，相互 concorder［相符，协调］ combiner［组合，联合］ collaborer［合作，协作］ correspondre［符合］ contre- 反对；相反 contre-attaquer［反攻，还击］ dé-,dés- 分离；去除，解除 dépoétiser［使失去诗意］ 我是新手 dis- 否定 disjoindre［拆开］ 54tyro.com我是新手 é-,ef-，es- 分离，去除，失去 échanger［交换，互换］ égarer［使迷路］ en-,em- 使成为 engraisser［使肥沃］ emmaigrir［使消瘦］ 我是新手，进步从此开始！ entr- 相互 s’entretuer［自相残杀］ ex- 出，外 exclure［开除；排斥］ in-,il-,im- 不，无，非； 我是新手 向，入，内 invalider［使无效］ impatienter［使不耐烦］ inter- 禁止 54tyro.com我是新手 相互关系 interdire［禁止］ interconnecter［使…互连］ intro- 向内，进入 introduire［引入，介绍］ mal- 坏，恶；错 malmener［虐待］ micro- 微，小 microminiaturiser［使微型化］ 我是新手 mono- 单独的 momologuer［自言自语］ 我是新手： monopoliser［垄断，专营］ multi- 多，复 multiplier［增多］ 我是新手 poly- 多，聚 polycopier［油印］ post- 后，在…后 postposer［后置，放在后面］ pré- 前 prévenir［预防］ re-,ré- 再，重新 refaire［重做］ réimprimer［重印］ r- 逆，反 rajuster［再调整］ rétro- 向后，追溯 rétroagir［追溯既往］ 我是新手 sous- 不足；再 sous-amender［再修正］ sub- 再，在…下 subordonner［使从属于］ 我是新手www.54tyro.com super- 在上面；超越 superfinir［超精加工］ 我是新手： sur- 在上；超过 surmonter［置于…上］   trans- 横贯，穿过；变化 transcrire［眷写］ transpercer［穿过］ ultra- 超过，极度 ultracentrifuger［超速离心分离］ uni- 单一 unifier［统一，划一］ Reference:                                                   http://www.ecolefrancois.com.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=522

法语前缀re的学习和应用

通常情况下，re-加在以辅音或者虚音h为首字母的动词前：

remarier - 使再婚

(加在marier - 使结婚前)

rehausser - 再提高

(加在hausser - 提高前)

Res-

在以s开头的动词前，re-常常为res-

ressortir - 再出来

(加在sortir - 出来前)

ressembler - 相似

(加在sembler - 好象前)

Ré- and r-

在元音或者哑音h前，re-要么加上一个变成ré(在拉丁词根的单词中尤其如此)，要么缩写成r-，对于个别动词，这两种情况都存在。

外语爱好者网站-www.ryedu.net

réapparaître - 复现

(加在apparaître - 出现前)

réélire - 再次选举

(加在élire - 选举前)

rentrer - 再进入;回来

(加在entrer - 进入前)

rhabiller - 重新给…穿衣服

(加在habiller - 给…穿衣服前)

récrire, réécrire - 再写，再写一遍

(加在écrire - 写前)

re- 的意思(以及它的变体)

1. 重做，再做一遍

rouvrir - 再打开

(加在ouvrir - 打开前)

ressaisir - 重新抓住

(加在saisir - 抓住前)

2. 回到一个先前的位置，条件或状态

revenir - 回来

(加在venir - 来前)

réhabituer - 使重新习惯于

(加在habituer - 使习惯于前)

3. 为了强调一个动词

redoubler - 大大增强;倍增

(加在doubler - 增加一倍前)

remercier - 感谢

(加在mercier[古]- 谢谢前)

注意：因为前缀re- 往往不只一种意思，所以一些动词也是如此：

rappeler - 再打电告给(某人);叫回，召回;使想起，唤醒

(加在appeler - 打电话前)

renvoyer - 送回;退回;再送;再派遣

(加在envoyer - 寄，送前)

Reference:                                        

1. http://class.wtojob.com/class771_52407.shtml#

check Chinese, Japanese and Korean(CJK) block in UTF-8

function countChars($text, $startCode, $endCode){
 
 $len = mb_strlen($text,"UTF-8" );
 $s = hexdec($startCode);
 $e = hexdec($endCode);
 $cnt = 0;
 for($k = 0; $k < $len; $k++){
  $ch = mb_substr($text, $k, 1, "UTF-8");
  if(getUnicodeFromOneUTF8($ch) >= $s && getUnicodeFromOneUTF8($ch) <= $e){
   $cnt++;
  }
 }
 return $cnt;
}

function countChinese($text){
 return countChars($text, "4e00", "9fa5");
}

function countJapanese($text){
 return countChars($text, "0800", "4e00");
}

function countKorean($text){
 return countChars($text, "3130", "318f") + countChars($text, "ac00", "d7a3");
}

function countSpaces($text){
 return countChars($text, "20", "20");
}

function getUnicodeFromOneUTF8($word) {
  //获取其字符的内部数组表示，所以本文件应用utf-8编码！
  if (is_array( $word))
    $arr = $word;
  else 
    $arr = str_split($word);
  //此时，$arr应类似array(228, 189, 160)
  //定义一个空字符串存储
  $bin_str = '';
  //转成数字再转成二进制字符串，最后联合起来。
  foreach ($arr as $value)
    $bin_str .= decbin(ord($value));
  //此时，$bin_str应类似111001001011110110100000,如果是汉字"你"
  //正则截取
  $bin_str = preg_replace('/^.{4}(.{4}).{2}(.{6}).{2}(.{6})$/','$1$2$3', $bin_str);
  //此时， $bin_str应类似0100111101100000,如果是汉字"你"
  //u4e00-u9fa5 (中文)
  //x3130-x318f (韩文)
  //xac00-xd7a3 (韩文)
  //u0800-u4e00 (日文)
  return bindec($bin_str); //返回类似20320，汉字"你"
  //return dechex(bindec($bin_str)); //如想返回十六进制4f60，用这句
}

Reference 

redirect php standard error and output

fclose(STDIN);
fclose(STDOUT);
fclose(STDERR);
       
 $STDIN = fopen($options["logLocation"], "r");
 global $STDOUT;global $STDERR;
 $STDERR = $STDOUT = fopen($options["logLocation"], "a+");


set_error_handler(array('System_Daemon', 'phpErrors'), E_ALL);

处理用户输入的经验

用户端的介面应有尽可能清晰的提示，确保用户能正确输入，但是不需要多少安全验证，因为再多的安全保护都很容易很删改

服务器端不需要有多少对用户的提示，不过必需尽可能地保证数据的合法，一致，安全

Send variables between Javascript, Form and PHP on the same page

Super useful bits of PHP, Form and JavaScript code

All code on this page is considered by us to contain the most basic and
important aspects of form sending. This page basically shows in the
shortest possible way how you can:

Test your PHP offline - Test your PHP pages offline easily, without installing your own web server.

Send variables between Javascript, Form and PHP on the same page:

* PHP variable to Javascript variable or send Form variable to Javascript variable

* PHP variable to Form variable or send Javascript variable to Form variable

* Javascript variable to PHP variable (impossible) or send Form variable to PHP variable (impossible)

Send variables from one page to another:

* URL variables to PHP/JavaScript page - Allow
sending different variables via the URL string to the new page (readable
through PHP or Javascript). This is more appropriate than the below if
there are few pieces of small info you wish to send.

* PHP variables to PHP page - Alternatively, maintain a session by sending PHP variables to another page with PHP in (allows super large arrays).

* Form variables to PHP page - Alternatively, allow sending hidden form variables to a PHP page. This allows the user to (more easily than the above methods) select options on the page (via URL, radio buttons, or dropdown menu), and for these to be sent to the new page.

* Form variables (tick boxes) to PHP page - As above but with tick boxes.

Dynamically update HTML - Allow different bits of HTML to dynamically execute according to user input:

* Change HTML according to radio button selection.

* Change HTML according to dropbox selection.

* Add/remove bits of HTML according to multiple checkboxes.

---

Send variables between Javascript, Form and PHP on the same page:

PHP variable to Javascript variable:

<?php   $myvar=10;   ?>

 <script type="text/javascript">
  jsvar = <?php echo $myvar; ?>;
  document.write(jsvar);  // Test to see if its prints 10:
 </script>

Form variable to Javascript variable:

<form name="myform4">    <input type="hidden" name="formvar" value="100">     </form>

 <script type="text/javascript">
  jsvar = document.myform4.formvar.value;
  document.write(jsvar) // test
 </script>

PHP variable to Form variable:

<form name="myform4">
  <input type="hidden" name="formvar" value="<?php phpvar=10; echo phpvar; ?>"> // PHP code inside HTML!!
 </form>

Javascript variable to Form variable:

<form name="myform3">
  <!-- It needn't be a "hidden" type, but anything from radio buttons to check boxes -->
  <input type="hidden" name="formvar" value="">
 </form>

 <script type="text/javascript">
  jsvar=10;
  document.myform3.formvar.value = jsvar;
 </script>

Javascript variable to PHP variable:

This is impossible (unless you reload the page), since all PHP code is
rendered first (on the server side), and then Javascript is dealt with
afterwards (on the client side).

Form variable to PHP variable:

Impossible like above.

---

Allow sending different variables via the URL string to the new page (readable through PHP or Javascript).

The version shown below uses PHP to read the variables back, but it's
possible to use Javascript and some messy splitting to do the same (for
that route, see this nice little function, or here, or here for example code.)




EXAMPLE:



Send variables via URL!

INSIDE "page1.php" or "page1.html"

// Send the variables myNumber=1 and myFruit="orange" to the new PHP page...
 <a href="page2c.php?myNumber=1&myFruit=orange">Send variables via URL!</a> 

 

INSIDE "page2c.php"

<?php
  // Retrieve the URL variables (using PHP).
  $num = $_GET['myNumber'];
  $fruit = $_GET['myFruit'];
  echo "Number: ".$num."  Fruit: ".$fruit;
 ?>
 

---

Maintain a session by sending PHP variables (including multiple full
blown multi-dimensional arrays if you so wish) to a page with PHP in.

INSIDE "page1.php"

<?php
 // "session_register()" and "session_start();" both prepare the session ready for use, and "$myPHPvar=5"
 // is the variable we want to carry over to the new page. Just before we visit the new page, we need to
 // store the variable in PHP's special session area by using "$_SESSION['myPHPvar'] = $myPHPvar;"
 session_register();
 session_start();                      
 $myPHPvar=5;
 $_SESSION['myPHPvar'] = $myPHPvar;
?>

<a href="page2.php">Click this link</a>, and the "$myPHPvar" variable should carry through.

INSIDE "page2.php"

<?php
 // Retrieve the PHP variable (using PHP).
 session_start();
 $myPHPvar = $_SESSION['myPHPvar'];
 echo "myPHPvar: ".$myPHPvar." ..........(should say \"myPHPvar: 5\")<br>";
?>

---

Allow sending hidden form variables to a PHP page. This allows the
user to select options on the page, and for these to be carried across
to the new page.

EXAMPLE:



(these links all go to the same PHP page...)

Click 1st

Click 2nd

Click 3rd

Click 1st Click 2nd Click 3rd Select 1st Select 2nd Select 3rd

INSIDE "page1.php" or "page1.html"

<!-- Pass over to the new page an arbitrary value, which in this case, is determined by... -->


<!-- ***********  the link being clicked: (USE THIS OR...) ************** -->

<a href="#" onclick="document.myform.formVar.value='first'; document.myform.submit(); return false">Click 1st</a><br>
<a href="#" onclick="document.myform.formVar.value='second'; document.myform.submit(); return false">Click 2nd</a><br>
<a href="#" onclick="document.myform.formVar.value='third'; document.myform.submit(); return false">Click 3rd</a><br>

<!-- ***********  the radio button pressed before clicking "Send Form" (...OR USE THIS OR...) ************** -->

<input name="br" type="radio" onClick="document.myform.formVar.value='first'">Click 1st<br>
<input name="br" type="radio" onClick="document.myform.formVar.value='second'">Click 2nd<br>
<input name="br" type="radio" onClick="document.myform.formVar.value='third'">Click 3rd<br><br>

<!-- *********** the dropdown menu selected before clicking "Send Form" (...OR USE THIS) ************** -->

<select onchange="document.myform.formVar.value=this.value">
 <option value="first">Select 1st</option>
 <option value="second">Select 2nd</option>
 <option value="third">Select 3rd</option>
</select>

<!-- ***************************************** -->


<!--  In each of the above three cases, the hidden variable in the code below is needed for it all to work.
Also notice how the destination page is given here, rather than in anything above -->

<form method=post name="myform" action="page2.php">
 <input type="hidden" name="formVar" value="">
 <input type="submit" value="Send form!">
</form>

INSIDE "page2.php"

<?php
 // Retrieve the hidden form variable (using PHP).
 $myvar = $_POST['formVar'];
 echo "myvar: ".$myvar;
?>

---

Allow sending hidden form variables (using tick boxes) to a PHP
page. This allows the user to select options on the page, and for these
to be carried across to the new page.

EXAMPLE:

INSIDE "page1.html"

Tick A

Tick B

Tick C

CODE:

INSIDE "page1.html"

Tick A <input type="checkbox" checked onClick="document.myform2.a0.value = this.checked"><br>
Tick B <input type="checkbox" onClick="document.myform2.b0.value = this.checked"><br>
Tick C <input type="checkbox" onClick="document.myform2.c0.value = this.checked">

<form method=post name="myform2" action="page2b.php">
 <input type="hidden" name="a0" value="true">
 <input type="hidden" name="b0" value="false">
 <input type="hidden" name="c0" value="false">
 <input type="submit" value="Send form!">
</form>

INSIDE "page2b.php"

<?php
 // Retrieve the hidden form variable (using PHP).
 $myvarA = $_POST['a0'];
 $myvarB = $_POST['b0'];
 $myvarC = $_POST['c0'];
 echo "myvarA: ".$myvarA."<br>";
 echo "myvarB: ".$myvarB."<br>";
 echo "myvarC: ".$myvarC;
?>

---

Allow different bits of HTML to dynamically execute according to which radio button is pressed

This is useful for many purposes including using buttons to change the
picture (as part of a gallery), or for different sub forms to appear
accordingly.



EXAMPLE:





Click 1st

Click 2nd

Click 3rd



Anything can go here
...like an image...

...or a link...

.....[I am the footer]







CODE:

<script type="text/javascript">
 function SetHTML1(type) {
  document.getElementById("a1").style.display = "none"
  document.getElementById("b1").style.display = "none"
  document.getElementById("c1").style.display = "none"
  // Using style.display="block" instead of style.display="" leaves a carriage return
  document.getElementById(type).style.display = ""
 }
</script>

<input name="br" type="radio" checked onClick="SetHTML1('a1')">Click 1st<br>
<input name="br" type="radio" onClick="SetHTML1('b1')">Click 2nd<br>
<input name="br" type="radio" onClick="SetHTML1('c1')">Click 3rd<br><br>

<span id="a1" style="">Anything can go here                                                          </span>
<span id="b1" style="display:none">...like an image...<br><img src="http://www.skytopia.com/ar.png">    </span>
<span id="c1" style="display:none">...<a href="http://www.skytopia.com">or a link</a>...                         </span>

.....[I am the footer] <!-- Not needed, but shows how stuff below the dynamic content makes it move up and down -->

---

Allow different bits of HTML to dynamically execute according to which dropdown menu is selected

EXAMPLE:




Select 1st Select 2nd Select 3rd

Anything can go here
...like an image...

...or a link...

.....[I am the footer]





CODE:

<script type="text/javascript">
 function SetHTML2(type) {
   document.getElementById("a2").style.display = "none"
   document.getElementById("b2").style.display = "none"
   document.getElementById("c2").style.display = "none"
   // Using style.display="block" instead of style.display="" leaves a carriage return
   document.getElementById(type).style.display = ""
 }
</script>

<select onchange="SetHTML2(this.value)">
 <option value="a2">Select 1st</option>
 <option value="b2">Select 2nd</option>
 <option value="c2">Select 3rd</option>
</select>

<span id="a2" style="display:none">Anything can go here                                                 </span>
<span id="b2" style="display:none">...like an image...<br><img src="http://www.skytopia.com/ar.png">    </span>
<span id="c2" style="display:none">...<a href="http://www.skytopia.com">or a link</a>...                </span>

.....[I am the footer] <!-- Not needed, but shows how stuff below the dynamic content makes it move up and down -->

---

Add/remove bits of HTML according to multiple checkboxes

EXAMPLE:







Anything can go here
...like an image...
...or a link

CODE:

<script type="text/javascript">
 function SetHTML3(check,type) {
  if(check==true) document.getElementById(type).style.display = "";
  else            document.getElementById(type).style.display = "none";
 }
</script>

<input type="checkbox" CHECKED onClick="SetHTML3(this.checked,'a3')">
<input type="checkbox" onClick="SetHTML3(this.checked,'b3')">
<input type="checkbox" onClick="SetHTML3(this.checked,'c3')">

<span id='a3'> <b> Anything can go here </b></span>
<span id='b3' style="display:none"> <b> ...like an image... <img src="http://www.skytopia.com/ar.png"> </b></span>
<span id="c3" style="display:none"> <b> ...<a href="http://www.skytopia.com">or a link</a> </b></span>

---

Test your PHP pages offline easily, without installing your own web server.

This was something recently that doubled my productivity in a snap. Simply use EasyPHP.
It's only 8 megabyte, and a million times quicker and simpler to
install/configure than a fully blown Apache (or equivalent) server. In
fact, it's small GUI window will make it instant - just make sure you
put PHP pages inside its special www folder, and point your browser to
the "http://127.0.0.1/mywebpage.php".



Apart from this amazing time saver, always "View source" to see what PHP
outputs to the HTML/Javascript page (remember, PHP is read by the
server, but is not potentially visible to the visitor in the same way
that Javascript or HTML is).



The last amazing tip is to insert "exit();" when an annoying bug creeps
into the code to see where the code goes wrong (try "exit()" at
different points throughout the code)

References:                           

1.  http://www.skytopia.com/project/articles/compsci/form.html

Mysql Problems with error 1100: Table ... was not locked with LOCK TABLES

When you use LOCK TABLES, you must lock all tables that you are going
to use in your queries. Because LOCK TABLES will not lock views, if
the operation that you are performing uses any views, you must
also lock all of the base tables on which those views depend.
While the locks obtained with a LOCK TABLES statement are in effect,
you cannot access any tables that were not locked by the statement.
Also, you cannot use a locked table multiple times in a single
query. 

Reference                           

1. http://hi.baidu.com/kennlee/blog/item/e839db66246e0520aa184c25.html 
2. http://forums.mysql.com/read.php?21,134450,144180#msg-144180